MicroRNA 145 (miR-145) is a critical modulator of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotyping and proliferation.
Ginsenoside Rg3, present in steamed ginseng (Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer), is thought to be a potent modulator of vascular function.
The endothelium is an essential modulator of vascular tone and thrombogenicity and a critical barrier between the vessel wall and blood components.
Selp controls key events related to leukocyte cell recruitment and this adhesion molecule is a determinant modulator of vascular permeability to bacterial elements [42].
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional growth factor that is a well-established modulator of vascular cells [1].
Arginase, induced in response to inflammatory stimuli in a variety of cell types [7] [9], consists of two isozymes (types I and II), and there is increasing evidence that arginase is a biologically relevant modulator of vascular structure and function.
Adiponectin and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP), both of which are major adipokines predominantly produced in adipose tissue, have recently been shown to be pivotal modulators of vascular function.
They also highlight a role in BP regulation for biological candidates such as modulators of vascular structure and function (CDKN1B, BCAR1-CFDP1, PXDN, EEA1), ciliopathies (SDCCAG8, RPGRIP1L), telomere maintenance (TNKS, PINX1, AKTIP), and central dopaminergic signaling (MSRA, EBF2).
Numerous miRNAs have been found to be critical modulators of vascular pathologies, such as atherosclerosis, arterial remodelling, angiogenesis, and apoptosis [ 87].
This sex dimorphism and the observation of an important role of menopause have led to the hypothesis that sex hormones may act as modulators of vascular function and the pathogenesis of hypertension (30).
Several negative regulators of angiogenesis, such as angiostatin, endostatin, vasostatin, modulators of vascular endothelial growth factor activity (sFLT-1), and cytokines/chemokines with marked anti-endothelial activity (IL-12, IFN-α, CXCL10, and others) [44], have been used in tumor therapy.
