The frequency offset estimation method is explained as follows: the modulation is removed by multiplying the complex conjugate of the locally generated PN Tx (k) to receive y PN (k).
In the present study, only the amplitude and frequency modulation of calls was removed, but mean peak frequency remained unchanged, meaning that the 50-kHz sine wave tones used here had a peak frequency, which is typical for frequency-modulated calls.
(B ) Same as (A ), but after the modulation by speed and head direction was removed.
For each example (A or B ), plotted on the left are the lap-by-lap spike raster and firing rate curves of the V1 (red) and CA1 (blue) cells, while plotted on the right are the lap-by-lap fluctuations in rate (∆rate) and COM (∆COM) for the two cells on the left, and in rate (modified ∆rate) and COM (modified ∆COM) after the modulation by speed and head direction was removed.
Since none of the regions tested exhibited significant modulation of the regression by chord type (data not shown), this variable was removed from the final model, which then included the full 3-way load-by-group-by-BOLD interaction.
In order to determine response times shown in Fig. 3, the LCD backlight modulation has been removed according to the division method with dynamical filtering [13].
Without using carrier modulation, the mixer and local oscillator are removed from the transceiver.
Our data gives a modulation of above 0.5 for the same frequency and pupil size for an average of 20 eyes even before defocus and astigmatism are removed, and a modulation of above 0.8 when defocus and astigmatism are removed.
After the modulations of the received PN sequences are removed, the CFO is estimated using the L&R algorithm [9], which is a type of a maximum likelihood (ML) method with several numbers of auto-correlators.
This assumption can be removed by considering practical feedback transmission schemes, such as the uncoded QAM modulation discussed in [21].
