This modulation seems to occur at the post-transcriptional level through both the mammalian TOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and JNK signalling pathways.
Interestingly, modulation of the conserved nutrient-sensing TOR pathway in the nervous system plays an important role in changing dietary preference [ 80, 81], though this modulation appears to occur independent of input from the insulin pathway [ 81].
Effects of corticofugal modulation are known to occur within a few minutes of the onset of cortical activation, then build continuously until cortical activation is ceased, after which a slow recovery is observed (up to 3 hours) [52], [57], [58].
In Mecp2 mutant mice however, this modulation does not seem to occur, the NMDA/AMPA ratio remaining constant during the animal life (Table S1).
The first 50 ms of the ISI was excluded, as neuronal modulation was not expected to occur there (e.g., Jirenhed et al., 2007).
This ability of a spinal deformity to transform by acquiring dystrophic features is called "modulation", that has been reported to occur in 81% of children who present spinal deformity before age seven and 25% of those who are diagnosed after age seven [3].
In particular, galanin's neuroprotective effects are thought to occur via modulation of neuronal excitability in the hippocampus and these effects are mediated via three G-protein coupled receptors, namely GalR1, -R2, and –R3 [37] [39].
Neuroprotection is long lasting and seems to occur via modulation of STAT3 phosphorylation.
Metabolite-based modulation of Hmgcr activity seems to occur in parallel to known direct regulators of this enzyme, such as phosphorylation or proteasome-mediated degradation (Burg and Espenshade, 2011).
