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Due to its unique optical properties, graphene has been recently utilized in the fabrication of optical modulators, which promise high performance such as broadband response, high modulation speed, and high modulation depth.
The modulation speed and depth were tuned by varying the gate voltage.
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A comparison between the performance parameters of the proposed modulator and those of previously reported PhCNB based modulators reveals the superior performance of the proposed structure in terms of modulation speed, energy consumption and overall footprint.
This introduces an appropriate amount of random packet loss based on the chosen modulation, speed difference between sender and receiver, and the signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio of the received packet.
With reduced Coulomb impurity scattering and cavity effect, a significantly improved modulation depth of 15% and modulation speed of 200 kHz have been successfully achieved with the YIG based GFETs.
For instance, group III-V materials [2], germanium [3,4], polymers [5,6], and graphene [7,8] have been applied and incorporated to silicon-based modulators to form hybrid devices, with the aim to improve the modulation speed, broaden the modulation range, and reduce the device footprint and energy consumption.
In their original GFET THz modulator, B. Sensale-Rodeiguez and coworkers use 92 nm SiO2 as the gate dielectric material, which achieved modulation depth of 15% and modulation speed of 18 Kb/s of THz wave [8].
The effects of sub-micron scaling on both optical and electrical performances are critically analysed, together with the evaluation of the trade-off between optical loss and modulation speed for λ = 1.55 μm.
And the performance can be characterized by optical bandwidth, modulation depth, modulation speed, insertion loss, area efficiency (footprint), and power consumption [9].
A MSM waveguide enables high field localization and therefore high modulation speed.
Actually, the all-optical graphene modulator is able to reach ultrafast modulation speed without RC limitation.
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