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The nonidealities in hardware implementation of designed modulation schemes, such as the nonsmooth behavior of the modulator around zero, and/or nonlinearities in the power amplifier, can also lead to the appearance of additional discrete origins for the pulses and exacerbate the OOB emissions.
The non-idealities in hardware implementation of designed modulation schemes such as the non-smooth behavior of the modulator around zero also contribute to additional discrete origins for the pulses.
Pre and post equalization results from the real time tests, including BER performance with different modulation schemes such as BPSK, QPSK and 8PSK are also shown.
There are many possible modulation schemes, such as pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse position modulation (PPM), pulse number modulation (PNM), pulse width modulation (PWM), and pulse density modulation (PDM).
Similar approaches can be carried out for other modulation schemes such as QPSK and QAM.
Using these new formulae, ASEP was efficiently evaluated for some modulation schemes such as DPSK and NCFSK.
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This less complex nature leads to intense study of this modulation scheme such as differential chaos shift keying (DCSK) [11].
The algorithm can be used for any linear modulation scheme such as M-ary PSK and M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) without any modifications.
For higher modulation scheme such as 64-ary QAM modulation, Method I can be applied directly while Method II can be applied with some modification.
Similarly, using a constant-amplitude modulation scheme such as PSK, we realise that the only difference is that Ψ will be unity in (39).
The first one is based on a dedicated control channel within the train-to-ground network, which utilizes more powerful error control mechanisms such as 1/3 rate turbo code, and a lower order modulation scheme such as QPSK modulation.
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