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Solar sail formation flying in the reference orbit is shown to be controllable by making small variations in the reflectivity modulation ratio and two attitude angles.
The magnitude and phase angle of the ideal phase-shifting transformer represent the amplitude modulation ratio and the phase shift that exists in a PWM converter to enable either generation or absorption of reactive power purely by electronic processing of the voltage and current waveforms within the VSC.
where A is the modulation amplifying factor influenced by modulation period, modulation ratio, and roughness and width of interfaces.
Moreover, the influence of SM number, voltage modulation ratio, and AC system voltage on the harmonics of the power grid are analyzed.
The basic principle of NLM is to calculate the number of submodules (SMs) which should be put into operation based on the voltage modulation ratio, and then generate trigger pulses according to the sort of the SMs' capacitor voltages.
If there is no limitation of the voltage injection magnitude, then the constraint of the series coupled transformer voltage ratio is n < frac{{V_{text{L}} sqrt {1 - D^{2} } }}{{m_{text{c}} V_{text{DC}} }} (11 where m c is the modulation ratio and V DC is the DC bus voltage of UPQC.
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In this work, however, we carried out nanoindentation tests on Cu/Ta multilayers prepared with a wide range of modulation periods and modulation ratios and found negative contribution of incoherent interfaces to SRS.
Increasing Γ led to a decrease in the modulation ratio σ and an increase in the modulation period Ʌ of the films, while both σ and Ʌ decreased with increasing v.
Orthogonal experiment found that the TiB2/Si3N4 multilayer with modulation ratio of 15.4 1 and modulation period of 11.8 nm prepared with 38 nm-thick Ti buffer layer at deposition temperature of 225°C displayed optimal mechanical properties.
Moreover, the margin of the voltage modulation ratio, redundant SMs and on-load tap regulation switch of the shunt transformer should be employed to increase the number of the output voltage levels.
The effect of modulation ratio on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the multilayers was investigated.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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