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The modulation rate is higher for lower frequencies.
However, the modulation rate is not definite in discriminating between physiological and pathological voice tremors.
The azimuth modulation rate is range-variant for the fact that the k-coefficients are varied with range cells.
In reality, the TEC modulation rate is determined by a spatial integration along a radio path of local plasma response to an inhomogeneous wave E-field and thus should be strongly dependent on the satellite elevation angle and wave transverse scale.
Spectral modulation rate is defined by the number of spectral peaks per octave.
Temporal modulation rate is defined as the number of peaks per second.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03256.002 Frequency structure (spectral composition) and temporal modulation rate are fundamental dimensions of natural sounds.
Thus, the contrast maps for frequency and amplitude modulation rate are more robust and show less inter-individual variability than the best frequency responses.
In electrophysiology, neuronal responses to modulation rate are usually divided into two different coding principles: rate coding and temporal coding (e.g., Lu et al., 2001; Liang et al., 2002; Yin et al., 2011), reviewed in Joris et al. (2004).
The fact that vocal tremor is more related to modulation extents than to modulation rates is consistent with results indicating that the severity of tremor is correlated with acoustic measures of amplitude and frequency perturbations [11].
Similarly, vibrato is a modulation of the acoustic voice signal too, but vocal tremor differs from it in that for vibrato, the span of typical modulation rates is narrower (between 4 and 7 Hz) [2] and the modulation is more cyclic [3].
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