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In a 6 × 6 design, human participants (N = 19) listened to frequency-modulated sounds (~ 4 Hz) that varied over time in both modulation rate and pitch.
AM-detection thresholds were measured as a function of signal modulation rate and carrier sweep frequency region.
), f c represents the center frequency, T p is the pulse width, γ is he frequency modulation rate, and t is the fast time.
where is the constant envelope used to equalize the energy, is the center frequency, is the modulation rate, and is the duration of the chirp.
Yang and Sayrafian-Pour proposed an adaptive modulation, rate, and duty cycle for body area networks (BANs) to mitigate coexisting wireless interference, including from nearby BANs [23].
Such a resource allocation decision includes both the identity of the spectrum to be used along with a transmission scheme to be used (defined in terms of the transmission power and the modulation rate) and the time instance such a spectrum is available.
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While most neurons respond to a broad range of modulation rates and to both upward and downward FM sweeps [12], [13], selectivity for the direction of FM sweeps could be found along the tonotopic gradient in the monkey auditory cortex.
Specifically, the model incorporates two stages: firstly, a feature analysis stage that performs multidimensional feature analysis by distinct populations of neurons in the auditory cortex that are tuned to a range of temporal modulation rates and spectral resolution scales.
The rate code is a measure of the average number of spikes fired over a defined period of time to the different modulation rates, and the temporal code is a measure of how well the neuron's firing synchronises with the amplitude envelope of the stimulus at different modulation rates.
Electrophysiology studies in non-human primates have shown tuning of individual neurons to different modulation rates and suggest a tendency for neurons in primary fields to prefer faster rates than neurons in field higher up the hierarchy (Bieser and Muller-Preuss, 1996; Liang et al., 2002): see also (Joris et al., 2004).
The mapping of distinct dimensions of sound, amplitude-modulation rate and frequency, as distinct vectors in an anatomical space, is analogous to the mapping of polar angle and eccentricity that occurs at all processing levels of the visual system.
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