Rather than stimulus encoding, it is possible that prosodic modulation of word valence occurs during memory consolidation where content and context are bound to enable integrative event memories (for a review see [31]).
To better understand the modulation of stored word valence by speaker prosody, one may wish to examine the relationship between memory for prosody and word valence within a participant and within a given item.
The metre of the poem, the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables, and the sounds and modulations of the words themselves all affect the subtle meanings and feelings that the poet may be trying to convey or evoke.
The inferior-superior modulation of the N170 word-symbol difference fully generalized to pseudowords in the present study.
We compared the 6 different configurations/families (A to F) using the BMS approach to reveal the optimal configuration of input regions and intrahemispheric modulations for words and pictures (Fig. 4 b ).
Not surprisingly, explicit manipulation of each of these word characteristics also leads to modulation of activation within the word reading network (Carreiras et al., 2006, Hauk et al., 2008, Woollams et al., 2011).
We argued that differential modulation of brain activation by word frequency for action-related and visually related words supports the view that these brain activations reflect aspects of lexico-semantic processing, rather than mental imagery processes.
Intracranial recordings obtained while participants silently produced inflectional variants of visually presented words (as in walk → "walked"; Sahin et al. 2009) revealed modulation of electrophysiological responses related to word frequency in Broca's area at about 200 ms from word onset.
Modulatory effects on coupling can thus be conceptualized as an afferent-specific gain modulation of the target; in other words, the target responds to the afferent in question more/less during stimulation.
Furthermore, the use of overt naming task restricted our analyses within a 0- to 300-ms window; however, it is possible that effects of the Word Form variable appear at later latencies, as suggested by modulation of electrophysiological responses induced by word length that Sahin et al. (2009) observed at about 450 ms in Broca's areas and left superior temporal regions.
