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Ohta, A. & Sitkovsky, M. Extracellular adenosine-mediated modulation of regulatory T cells.
MS4A4A has not been characterized in humans, but the mouse ortholog, MS4A4B, has restricted expression in T cells, where it appears to have a role in Th1 development, CD8+ memory T cell function and modulation of regulatory T cell signaling [13] [16].
Another, more nuanced possibility involves the modulation of regulatory T (Treg) cell function.
Therefore, phenotypic differences among strains may be due to variation in the expression or modulation of regulatory factors.
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a tryptophan-metabolizing enzyme with diverse physiological functions, including modulation of regulatory T (Treg) cells (Tas et al., 2007).
Particularly informative will be the dissection of the direct effects of HERVs on the transcription of adjacent genes, as well as the indirect effects on gene regulation through modulation of regulatory RNA networks.
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However, we also document a surprising abundance of miRNA alleles in nature that are predicted to alter miRNA regulation or function with consequent modulations of regulatory networks involving miRNA targets.
If an enzyme gets phosphorylated its activity may be stimulated or inhibited, for example, leading to altered metabolic fluxes in the case of a metabolic enzyme, or resulting in the modulation of a regulatory effect if the substrate protein plays a regulatory role.
Peptides containing the regulatory consensus sequence have been found to recapitulate the binding and PP1 activity modulation of the regulatory proteins, suggesting that it might be possible to design small-molecule surrogates that activate PP1 rather than inhibiting it.
This article discusses the novel functionality enabled by the addition or removal of SLiM-containing exons by pretranslational modifications, such as alternative splicing and alternative promoter usage, and how these alterations enable the creation and modulation of complex regulatory and signalling pathways.
Detailed knowledge of functions of σ factors is a prerequisite for their engineering aimed at modulation of transcriptional regulatory network and, consequently, strain improvement for biotechnological purposes (Tripathi et al. 2014).
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