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Importantly, three mammalian homologue genes have been confirmed to play an essential role in modulation of phagosome biogenesis, phagosomal escape and proliferation of F. tularensis within the cytosol of human cells.
The PI4KCA and USP22 mammalian factors are not required for modulation of phagosome biogenesis or phagosomal escape but are required for proliferation within the cytosol.
This suggested a role for CDC27, but not USP22 or PI4KCA, in modulation of phagosome biogenesis by F. tularensis.
Silencing of USP22 and PI4KCA did not affect co-localization with LAMP-2 when compared to untreated cells (Fig. 5A and C), indicating successful modulation of phagosome biogenesis.
Recent studies have identified the F. tularensis genes required for modulation of phagosome biogenesis and escape into the host cell cytosol within human and arthropod-derived cells.
Recent studies have identified some mammalian host factors required for modulation of phagosome biogenesis and intracellular proliferation of F. tularensis within the cytosol [29].
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The observation of Ndk-mediated down-modulation of phagosome maturation cannot be attributed to a global toxicity of the host cell maturation.
Despite differences in the physiology and cell biology of macrophage and DC, mycobacterial modulation of the phagosome remains important in DCs, with similarities between genes required for survival in DCs and groups of genes identified as required for phagosomal modulation in macrophages.
Importantly, time-lapse live imaging using fluorescent reporters revealed phagosome-associated modulation of phosphoinositide metabolism during EA uptake that closely resembles what occurs during phagocytosis by macrophages.
Later researchers identified a key step of phagosome fusion, the delivery of Cathepsin D and the H+-ATPase subunit Vo to the phagosome.
Dictyostelium cells are professional phagocytes that are optimally suited for the imaging of phagosome processing from particle uptake to exocytosis.
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