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In addition, there is also experimental evidence suggesting complement activation can also induce fibrosis by direct modulation of fibroblast function.
HS6ST3 encodes a Heparan sulphate sulfotransferase which plays a key role in the modulation of fibroblast growth factor signalling [ 39].
As shown in Figure 3A, NHLF migration through collagen I-coated inserts was significantly inhibited in the presence of DDR2-specific, but not DDR1-specific, siRNA, suggesting a role for DDR2 in the modulation of fibroblast migration though collagen I.
This suggests that the reduction in myofibroblast number in the cheek pouch after SAP treatment is due to a mechanism upstream of direct modulation of fibroblast activity and may be due to modulation of monocyte differentiation.
Because (myo)fibroblasts undergo autonomous proliferation and produce excessive matrix proteins, which resemble a wound-healing process during pulmonary fibrosis, we subsequently investigated the ability of sorafenib on the modulation of fibroblast proliferation and activation in NIH 3T3 cells.
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To determine if phenotypic modulation of fibroblasts was restricted to CAF-L cells, we also inhibited crabp1 expression in NIH3T3 fibroblasts, which express abundant levels of crabp1 (Additional file 19).
It has been shown that modulation of fibroblasts into myofibroblastic phenotype, with addition of particular contractile aspects, indispensable for connective tissue remodeling during the wound healing process in asthmatics airways [ 57].
While our studies demonstrate that C15 can promote wound re-epithelialization and closure, it is unclear whether this is mediated entirely through C15's effects on inflammation or whether there might be some direct modulation of keratinocyte and fibroblast behavior by the peptide.
Similarly, Mills and colleagues using a mouse model for pancreas-specific oncogenic KRAS expression (KC mice) bred on a Gli1 null background (GKO/KC) defined a key role for GLI1 on PDAC initiation through the modulation of the activity of fibroblasts (Mills et al., 2013).
YKL-40 protein is involved in proliferation of fibroblasts and modulation of collagen formation, facilitating tumor invasion, and metastasis [ 13].
Likewise, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) plays a central role in fibrosis, contributing to the influx and activation of inflammatory cells, the epithelial to mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EMT) of cells, and the activation of fibroblasts and modulation of extracellular matrix production [ 69].
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