For instance, it was recently observed that a significant proportion of ginseng's biological activity in vivo is exerted through modulation of innate immunity [ 3].
An important issue to outline is whether the observed effect of nitric oxide during cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis is exerted via modulation of afferent nerve terminals or by acting directly on the detrusor.
The ability of XC_0249 to bind cyclic GMP suggests the possibility that the regulatory action of this effector is exerted through modulation of the DGC activity of the attached GGDEF domain.
It is well known that the antiapoptotic effect of glucocorticoids is exerted by the modulation of survival genes such as Bcl-2, Bcl-x L), and nuclear factor-kappa B in a cell type-specific manner [ 13].
Nevertheless, it seems justified to conclude that most of the hormonal modulation of insulin secretion (inhibition or stimulation) is exerted at the level of exocytosis itself.
The protection of neurons by VEGF is exerted by interference on Ca2+, K+, and voltage-gated Na+ channels physiology and modulation of glutamatergic synaptic excitability [ 11– 13].
Social and structural authority is exerted.
For example, we implicitly assume that glucotoxicity is exerted on the insulin secretion capacity and turnover of β-cells only through contributing to increased IL-1β levels and thus increased IL-1R modulation.
There are two possible mechanisms by which this modulation may be exerted.
The latter study used different stimulation and analytic techniques but raises the possibility that motor cortex is not only involved in an extended tremor pacemaker circuit, but that amplitude modulation could potentially be exerted at the level of the motor cortex or its outflow (see also Hirschmann et al., 2013).
