Modulations in plant secondary metabolism as a result of environmental perturbations are often associated with the altered regulation of other metabolic pathways.
For example, expression of aggregation-prone polyQ and SOD1 proteins [ 5, 6], or down-modulation in plants and animals of activity of molecular chaperones, such as heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), unmasks buffered phenotypes caused by mildly destabilizing mutations segregating in populations [ 44- 48], a phenomenon similar to the heat-induced phenocopies [ 49, 50].
The changes of the PSII antenna, the reaction centers, the oxidation reduction of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool and the electron flow limitations on the acceptor side of PSII, can be reflected by the O-J-I-P transient modulation in higher plants and algae (Stirbet and Govindjee 2012).
Interestingly, 868 genes showed reinforced modulation in T39-treated plants compared to control plants after P. viticola inoculation (ISR-primed genes), indicating enhancement of the grapevine defence reaction to the pathogen.
Based on the expression profiles, genes directly modulated by T39, as well as genes with reinforced or specific modulation in T39-treated plants after pathogen inoculation are strong candidates for activation of plant self-protection and consequent inhibition of disease-related processes and symptoms development.
Temperature has long been known to play a role in the modulation of plant defense responses in dicots [ 18], including the HR [ 19- 22].
The homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factor family is one of the largest plant specific superfamilies, and includes genes with roles in modulation of plant growth and response to environmental stresses.
This study reports an inventory of potential redox switches and protein redox modulation as an interesting mechanism in plant response to pathogen infection.
In plant cells, modulation of the phosphoinositide pool plays important roles in regulating signal transduction, AF organisation and membrane trafficking in polarised plant cells (de Graaf et al., 2005; Preuss et al., 2006).
In plants, UGTs utilize UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, and UDP-rhamnose as sugar donors and are involved in the modulation of plant architecture and the water stress response in Arabidopsis [ 46].
