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By overlapping subbands and modulating with pseudorandom sequences, the scheme improves modulation efficiency in frequency and time domain.
The simulation results demonstrated that the Si/PLZT hybrid microring modulator could operate at 14 GHz with a relative high modulation efficiency (<0.8 V cm), which is much better than the other proposed Si/ferroelectric modulators.
where η is the modulation efficiency of the tag [17].
The power transmission coefficient is assumed to be 100%, while the modulation efficiency is 20%.
In particular an appropriate choice of the radiofrequency parameters (modulation, efficiency of acceleration, phase shift, etc).
This modulation scheme provides a maximum modulation efficiency of η=81% and leads to gain threshold of about −124 dB.
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However, chirp suffers low-modulation efficiency owing to its simplex spread-spectrum waveform.
The maximum bandwidths (Fig. 10a) are 15 and 13 GHz, the modulation current efficiency factors are 4.6 and, respectively.
An increase in carrier rate also led to a degradation in modulation detection efficiency, but only at lower levels or higher modulation frequencies.
A reduction in level caused degradation in modulation detection efficiency and a lower-cut-off frequency (i.e. poorer temporal resolution).
Moreover, Deepa et al. [24] also reported that dip-coated electrochromic devices based on tungsten trioxide (WO3) thin films showed superior performance compared with spin-coated devices, such as improved transmission modulation, coloration efficiency, switching speed, and coloration/bleaching cycles.
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