Sentence examples for modulation constellations such from inspiring English sources

The details are in Appendix 1. □. From Theorem 1, we can see that since the modulation constellations, such as M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM), satisfy the definition of symmetric modulation constellations in Definition 2, the blind channel estimation problem in (6) does not have a unique solution and suffers from an ambiguity problem.

The optimum design of such modulation constellations is outside the scope of this work.

Note that it may be possible to achieve constellation asymmetry through other means, such as design of irregular modulation constellations.

In the proposed technique, we add a real constant number to each constellation point of a modulation constellation to yield asymmetric shifted modulation constellations with respect to the origin.

We propose an expectation maximization (EM) estimator for use with the asymmetric shifted modulation constellations.

In our proposed technique, we add a constant real number to each constellation point of a conventional modulation constellation to yield asymmetric shifted modulation constellations with respect to the origin.

The NC signal is further refined in [5] by taking modulation constellations into account.

In this paper, we reinterpreted network coding as a mapping between modulation constellations and extended this mapping to enable simultaneous use of different modulations in network-coded transmissions.

In case (left| {{L_i}} right| = left| {{L_r}} right| = 1), the two terminal nodes will switch between the two modulation constellations.

Using identifiability analysis, we show mathematically that such a modulation constellation can be used for ambiguity-free channel estimation in FD communication systems.

Hence, if (mathrm {g}:mathcal {K}rightarrow mathcal {K}) does not exist such that (frac {x_{k}}{x_{mathrm {g} k)}}=c), then the modulation constellation cannot be symmetric with respect to origin.