Therefore, in the second part of this study, we investigated whether carotenoid supplementation affects the modulation by plasma T levels of nest-oriented song expression, as well as nestbox occupation behaviour and overall song production.
One exciting aspect of TRP channel regulation is the interaction with and modulation by plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs), and in particular by phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate (PI 4,5 P2).
Studies of chronic inflammation in other rat models have demonstrated activation of the kallikrein kinin system as well as modulation by a plasma kallikrein inhibitor initiated before the onset of clinicopathologic changes or a deficiency in high-molecular-mass kininogen.
Secondly, as a number of studies suggest that carotenoids could affect the modulation of sexual signals by plasma levels of the steroid hormone testosterone (T), we used the same birds to subsequently investigate whether carotenoid availability affects the increase in (nestbox-oriented) song rate induced by experimentally elevated plasma T levels.
To our knowledge, our study is the first to investigate (and observe) a possible effect of carotenoid availability on a non-visual signal involved in sexual selection, i.e. song rate in European starlings, and to investigate whether carotenoids affect the modulation of such a signal by plasma T levels.
Combined EISCAT and TEC observations have indicated that the plasma modulation by Pc5 wave is most significant in the lower ionosphere.
However, in the present study, changes of insulin resistance causing the observed hypertriglyceridemia may be excluded, as plasma insulin and glucose as well as adiponectin were not significantly affected by walnut oil in obese pair fed (data not shown), which showed the strongest modulation of plasma and hepatic lipids by walnut oil.
A membrane-tropic mechanism of EP was reported to play a key role in the destruction of neoplastic cell membranes resulting in cell death [ 11] and the importance of plasma membrane fluidity modulation by lipid membrane composition was presented [ 12– 12].
We set up a cell-culture model to study endothelial activation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or by plasma from septic patients and studied the effect of adsorbent-based mediator modulation on endothelial activation.
To assess NO production, which can be influenced by RAS modulation (25), the plasma cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) level was measured at baseline, after aliskiren monotherapy, and after dual blockade under clamped euglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions.
This can be accomplished by various techniques: Electro-optical Kerr-effect, optical Kerr-effect (such as self-modulation), stress, temperature (TOE), acousto-optical modulation and plasma dispersion effect PDE.
