Given the (1) importance of TH in controlling DA levels in neurons, (2) the involvement of DA metabolism in Mn neurotoxicity, as well as (3) a plethora of studies showing TH activity modulation and Ser phosphorylation by Mn [ 23, 39], we investigated Mn's effects on TH Ser phosphorylation in striatal slices from immature rats.
These computational studies are helping to link specific component processes (e.g., changes in protein levels and phosphorylation, modulation of membrane conductances, synaptic plasticity, and network architecture) to features of nonassociative and associative learning.
This effect was mediated by the modulation of the expression and phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, and downstream retinoblastoma protein.
As is shown here and in other work, it is clear that modulation of Hts expression and phosphorylation can affect synaptic development (Bednarek and Caroni, 2011; Pielage et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011).
Using a polyclonal antibody against rat connexin 43, we did not observe any modulation of the expression and phosphorylation of Cx43 in C6 cells treated with dexamethasone for 24 hours.
Previous studies have shown that occludin is widely phosphorylated on serine and threonine resides and modulation of occludin phosphorylation regulates cellular localization and paracellular permeability [ 19, 20].
Several factors including apoptosis induction, modulation of phosphorylation and expression of critical gene products involved in drug activity contributed to this synergistic interaction.
We then investigated the phosphorylation status of AKT1, ERK1/2, MEK1/2, p38-MAPK and SAPK/JNK after pre-treatment with papain and found a modulation of phosphorylation levels of AKT1, MEK1/2, p38-MAPK and SAPK/JNK (down-regulated) and ERK1/2 (up-regulated).
This enhanced flexibility and its modulation by phosphorylation might explain some of the functional antagonism between the closely related homologs FKBP51 and FKBP52.
