Major clinical shortcomings in need of explanation include the recently reported adverse impact of statins on insulin sensitivity and β-cell function [ 41] and the increase of overall cardiovascular events induced by other cholesterol-modulating therapies such as the HDL raiser torcetrapib (Table 2) [ 42].
Such data could be useful for key stakeholders, especially with the recent availability of disease modulating therapies for IPF.
This pathway, however, crosstalks with several other molecular pathways, a fact that may have consequences for the effectiveness of hormone modulating drug therapies, such as tamoxifen.
21, 22 APTT is also widely used in the clinical setting to diagnose coagulation disorders and is a biomarker modulated by various therapies such as FVIII or FIX replacement therapy and FVIIa bypass agent.
Josef Smolen addressed the difficulty of organizing large randomized controlled trials of cytokine modulating therapies, especially in a disease such as SLE, which is not common, and in which even those individuals who are affected often do not have sufficiently severe disease to warrant entry into such trials.
For type 1 diabetes, remission could potentially be attained after immune modulating or islet-replacement therapies that do not require ongoing immunosuppression but not with transplants that require ongoing immunosuppression or future therapies such as an implanted artificial pancreas.
ER-negative tumours do not respond to oestrogen modulating therapies.
Although upregulation of MDR1/P-glycoprotein may be observed for a median period of 4 months after therapy with modulating agents such as anthracyclines or taxanes (M Filipits, personal communication), there is no evidence in the literature that the cellular uptake of FU and fluoropyrimidine nucleosides is influenced by the expression of MDR1/P-glycoprotein.
In addition, immune modulating therapy might be considered as adjuvant therapy.
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy refers to a specific technique of linear accelerator-based radiation therapy whereby beams are modulated in such a manner to produce highly conformal dose distributions.
