These stresses were observed to increase the frequency of switching to the opaque phase, raising the possibility that Candida cells may respond to the innate immune system by modulating their rates of white-opaque switching [11].
Receptors respond to stimuli by modulating their rates of switching between active and inactive conformations.
Furthermore, males are able to modulate their rate of urination depending on the social environment.
One of such mechanisms targets nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), a family of ubiquitously expressed transcription factors that bind specific DNA sequences, κB sites, in the promoter region of a variety of genes, to modulate their rate of transcription/expression.
Regulation of bioprocesses may involve modulating their frequency, rate or extent, through the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein, substrate molecule or larger structures.
Both pyramidal cells and interneurons display spontaneous activity so that synaptic inputs modulate their firing rate around a baseline rate.
This control ensures a balance between FAK-regulated cell adhesion and Rac-induced cytoskeleton changes, so that cells can modulate their migration rate.
A large majority of the neurons (81%, 54/67, in the GPe and 72%, 26/36, in the GPi) responded significantly (R2≥0.25 and A≥5) to movement of the upper limb and modulated their firing rate in relation to the movement cycles.
On the basis of the bimodal activity patterns of ACC neurons that modulate their discharge rate in response to performance feedback and warning stimulus presentation, our results suggest that both evaluative and attentional ACC activities are intimately linked to error processing.
We show that many reward responsive (RR) VTA neurons modulate their firing rate with SPW-R events of quiet wakefulness.
