Histone modifying enzymes play a role in the regulation of transcription by modulating the state of chromatin, and they also cross-talk with each other (Portela and Esteller, 2010).
We speculate that varying levels of expression of ICAM-2-interacting proteins by specific cell types or the protein composition of extracellular matrices or of adjacent cells in different tissues may modulate the state of activation (conformation) and/or the function of ICAM-2.
This suggests that cohesin turnover may be important to modulate the state of chromosome compaction.
Based on their results, it is evident that dietary factors may modulate the state of endotoxemia in humans.
Octopaminergic reinforcement also modulates the state dependence of STM via the OCTβ2R receptor that is required in the dopaminergic MB-MP1 neurons [ 4].
The presence of one single additional HLA-B allele carrying the Bw4-I80 epinope in B*27-positive individuals could modulate the state of cell activation of NK (and/or T) cells in conjunction with the pattern of KIR gene expression.
As a general method to broadly target cancer cells without highly specific ligand receptor interactions (e.g., antibodies), the use of an enzymatic reaction to spatiotemporally modulate the state of various nanostructures in cellular environments will ultimately lead to the development of new theranostic applications of nanomaterials.
BPA has been shown to act on cells to modulate the state of their DNA methylation, ultimately altering promoter activity of, for example, ERα in the rat brain (Monje et al. 2007) or by decreasing cytosine guanine dinucleotide methylation, causing prenatal epigenetic reprogramming (Dolinoy et al. 2007).
Our results indicate that if such regulatory activity is indeed a means to modulate the state of CTL responsiveness, then interference with CD8 co-receptor activity is also likely to tune qualitative aspects of the response to antigen by disproportionately affecting lower-order effector functions.
Lacking knowledge of their own emotional experiences, alexithymic individuals cannot readily imagine themselves in another person's situation and are consequently unempathetic and ineffective in modulating the emotional states of others"[ 43], p.30.
