Additionally, one would need to make provision for modulating the distances (D1 and D2) independently in each of the two sides of the apparatus and for detecting a null in the ac currents as the distances are modulated.
It is thus crucial to modulate the distance between AFM tip and oxide-substrate surface so as to control the oxidation rate.
Carboxyl groups were initially combined with calcium ions through electrostatic attraction, and the introduction of hydroxyl groups could modulate the distance between carboxyl groups.
Due to the rigid three-dimensional structure, DNA tetrahedral scaffolds grafting on the electrode surface could accurately modulate the distance between CdS QDs and luminol labelled gold nanoparticles (L-Au NPs), meanwhile provide an enhanced spatial dimension and accessibility for the assembly of multiple L-Au NPs.
In these samples the FeS head domain position is not fixed, and its large scale movement can significantly modulate the distance between the FeS cluster and heme bL.
Random vibrations of amino acid side chains modulate the distance between the Trp residue and the backbone, as well as the local electric field.
In Drosophila, in which it has been shown that Upd acts as morphogen (Xi et al, 2003), maintaining Stat binding flexibility might be advantageous, as the evolution of the number of Stat-binding sites and their spacer length could provide a flexible system to modulate the distance from the source at which a given Stat target could be activated.
Based on this phenomenon, the slab lens can be optimized to a high transmittance by modulating the center distance of the holes.
It shows that thermodynamically favorable eT quenching can be controlled kinetically by modulating the D A intermolecular distance using molecular spacers, which suggests an important molecular design guideline for efficient CPs-based DNA detection.
The architecture of the WT FNR active site precisely contributes to reduce the stacking probability between the isoalloxazine and nicotinamide rings in the catalytically competent complex, modulating the angle and distance between the N5 of the FAD isoalloxazine and the C4 of the coenzyme nicotinamide to values that ensure efficient HT processes.
