The latter may be achieved by modulating the activities of specific 5-HT receptors that trigger the activation of fibrogenic signal transduction.
In response to cell death stimuli, p-JNKs activated apoptotic signaling by regulating apoptotic-associated genes via the transcriptional activation of specific transcription factors or by directly modulating the activities of mitochondrial apoptosis-associated proteins through distinct phosphorylation events [ 24].
Recent studies have demonstrated that RvE1, RvD1, RvD2, NPD1, and maresin 1 potently suppress somatic inflammatory pain, to some extent by modulating the activities of TRPV1 and TRPA1 and by regulating TRPV1 and TRPA1 activation-elicited synaptic plasticity [ 28, 33, 34].
As the main mediators of cell-ECM interactions they are key players in early development [ 2] functioning in gastrulation by rapid modulation of their own adhesion between low and high affinity states and by modulating the activities of adhesion molecules (e.g. cadherins) in cell layers undergoing convergence and extension [ 3].
It is likely that vascular endothelial growth factor, pro-inflammatory cytokines, advanced glycation end products, and adhesion molecules that also play a role in diabetic retinopathy may do so by modulating the activities of aldose reductase and nitric oxide synthase.
In particular, more than 500 natural products appear to be capable of modulating the activities of kinases, transcription factors, and cysteine caspases, which are responsible for the pathogenesis of human cancers by affecting the cellular signal transduction, the expression of oncogenes, and apoptosis, respectively.
This is known as "top-down processing," since the prefrontal cortex (the "top" of the brain) is directly modulating the activity of other areas.
Most researchers believe that two commonly administered drugs, donepezil and memantine, which aim at modulating the activity of key neurotransmitters, have limited short-term effect and do nothing to slow the progression of the disease.
This compound might interfere with cell migration by modulating the activity of different upstream target kinases.
Agents capable of selectively modulating the activity of these enzymes are of potential therapeutic value.
They predominantly use (non-genomic) signaling pathways common for neuromodulators such as modulating the activity of several neurotransmitter receptors.
