Also glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3b), that is a distinct substrate of Akt, has been shown to modulate hypertrophy.
Furthermore, our study combined with that of Lieb et al. and Wang et al. supports a more consistent role for the recently identified component of RAAS, ACEII, than the discordant findings for the original ACEI, in modulating cardiac hypertrophy, and in particular in modifying the extent of hypertrophy that develops in response to HCM-causing mutations.
Moreover, nuclear Ca2+ has also been implicated in modulating cardiac hypertrophy [ 13, 51] and within the nucleus Ca2+ was shown to bind to and directly regulate DNA structure [ 61].
In particular, rat perinatal exposure to BPA modified early adipogenesis by modulating adipocyte hypertrophy and overexpression of lipogenic genes including PPARγ (a nuclear receptor which dysregulation is involved in the onset of diabetes and obesity), sterol regulatory element binding protein 1C (SREBP-1C), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and fatty acid synthase (FAS).
In the present study, we describe a cardiac-specific overexpression model for LXRα in mice, and herewith, elucidate the significance of LXRα in modulating myocardial metabolism in pathological hypertrophy.
The ability of Lv-shGFAP and Lv-shVIM to modulate astroglial hypertrophy and hyperplasia was evaluated in a "scratch wound assay" in primary astrocyte cultures.
Therefore, in this study we tested whether gene delivery of the growth factor Indian hedgehog (IHH) was able to induce chondrogenesis in human primary MSCs, and whether it was possible by such an approach to modulate the appearance of chondrogenic hypertrophy in pellet cultures in vitro.
MicroRNA-133α modulates signalling pathways related to proliferation, differentiation and hypertrophy in cancer cell lines and myocytes.
Additional experiments revealed that increased PI3Kα signaling reduces cardiac fibrosis in pathological hypertrophy through modulating TGF-β signaling and miR-21 expression.
These recent studies have indicated the critical role of HDACs in modulating myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, cardiac hypertrophy, and skeletal myogenesis [ 17– 22 ].
