The total channel width is approximately twice the sum of the maximum deviation frequency and modulating frequency.
Electronic circuitry detects this phase shift and converts it to units of time; the use of more than one modulating frequency eliminates ambiguities that could arise if only a single frequency had been employed.
where ω m = 2πf m is a modulating frequency.
then the modulating frequency, ω m, and the bandwidth of the DPSSs are naturally defined by ω m = ω 1 + ω 2 2 (14) W = ω 2 - ω 1 2 (15).
Nevertheless, the varying modulating frequency in the traditional HCC causes severe problems on the safety of power devices and the electromagnetic compatibility design.
The difficulty is twofold: (i) the discontinuous and highly nonlinear nature of these converters which are controlled through a modulating frequency signal; (ii) the uncertain and varying feature of the converter load.
When the modulation frequency is too large, typically f m ≫ 2 Hz, the time available between two reversals is too short to allow for a change in the velocity direction and re-establishment of a similar flow organization with the opposite sign [6], therefore, there exists an optimizing modulating frequency for a certain solidifying configuration.
where A1 t)= cos(2π β t) denotes a cosine envelope, β denotes the modulating frequency, f1 denotes the difference between the center frequency of interference 1 and operating frequency f c, and ϕ1 denotes random initial phase uniformly distributed in (0,2π).
The difficulty is threefold: (i) the converter model involves discontinuous and highly nonlinear terms and is controlled through a modulating frequency signal; (ii) all state variables are not accessible to measurements; (iii) the load is uncertain and may even be varying.
In order to achieve a higher performance, the primary pulse generator which has been fabricated to apply for capacitively-induced pulsed field electrophoresis was equipped with a modulating frequency pulse generator which produced a combination of low and high frequency waves.
