While much research has studied hMSC activity during differentiation, it is unclear whether pre-differentiation culture can modulate differentiation capacity.
The bHLH family has been intriguing because of its diversification into cell-type specific functions modulating proliferation, differentiation, and metabolic programs across eukaryotes [ 37- 39, 49, 50].
Therefore, fluvastatin-releasing hydrogels may be useful in bone tissue engineering applications, not only for triggering osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs, but also by modulating their function.
Now this picture is being altered by findings that activators of these receptors can also modulate DC differentiation and function.
BTG has also been proposed to interact with and modulate the function of differentiation regulators such as Hoxb9 [5] and BMPx [6].
These results show that B 9-23/IFA immunisation induces Tregs that can modulate the function or differentiation of diabetogenic effector T cells through IFNγ production.
IL-6, apart from modulating homeostatic functions like proliferation, differentiation, survival and apoptosis, also plays a major role in the amplification of inflammatory responses [42], [43].
In addition, the expression of TNF and IL-1 receptors on Tregs may have important functions in modulating their differentiation or homeostasis during chronic immune activation or inflammation.
It modulated the immune response mainly by suppressing T-cell proliferation, influencing DC maturation and function, suppressing B-cell proliferation and terminal differentiation, modulating monocytes/macrophages infiltration and function, and inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines production [ 52].
Cytokines secreted by B cells can modulate the differentiation and functions of several key immune effectors, such as CD4 and CD8 T cells, NK cells and dendritic cells [5].
