Transcriptionally active β-catenin therefore modulates a plethora of downstream biological processes, including pluripotency, EMT, oxidative stress and lineage commitment.
Resveratrol modulates a plethora of signaling pathways important for tumor progression; and therefore, it would be too simplistic to limit resveratrol's cancer promoting (or inhibiting) properties to a few molecules or a single signaling pathway [ 44, 45].
It has been shown that, in the nucleus, β-catenin binds to a broad spectrum of transcription factors other than TCF and LEF and modulates a plethora of downstream targets possibly contributing to cancer stemness and malignancy (Table 1).
In addition to aggregation, platelets modulate a plethora of other important pathophysiologic processes, including inflammation and coagulation.
However, additional studies, including genome-wide analyses, have revealed that E2F factors modulate a plethora of cellular functions, including DNA replication and repair, apoptosis, signal transduction, and metabolism [1], [2].
Citral's primary potency on TRPM8 may explain its initial 'cool' sensation, and citral may modulate a plethora of skin, nerve, and epithelial cell-mediated sensory responses via the TRPV2, TRPV3, TRPV4, and TRPA1 channels.
In PCa cells green tea catechins, and especially EGCG, are able to modulate a plethora of cell signaling pathways crucial for cancer cell transformation and survival [ 97, 100– 102].
Estrogens have important antioxidant properties, but estrogen signaling is complex and intricate, and estrogens can modulate a plethora of signaling pathways that are often cell or tissue-specific.
Due to this post-translational modification, the role of numerous proteins is controlled by proteases, which then modulate a plethora of cellular mechanisms, such as cell growth, apoptosis, protein secretion, phagocytosis, signal transduction and extracellular matrix turnover (Puente et al, 2005).
The intestinal microbial landscape is modulated by a plethora of host-extrinsic and host-intrinsic factors.
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell signaling transmembrane proteins that can be modulated by a plethora of chemical compounds.
