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Finally, the modulated volumes were smoothed with a Gaussian kernel of 8-mm full-width at half maximum (FWHM).
Finally, modulated volumes were smoothed with a 5 mm FWHM 3D isotropic Gaussian filter.
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Finally, the modulated GM volumes were smoothed with an isotropic Gaussian kernel with a sigma of 2 mm (∼4.7 mm full-width at half-maximum).
Finally, as ventricular volumes were the focus of the current study, the normalized CSF map was modulated [97] and smoothed with a 0.3 mm FWHM Gaussian kernel for analysis.
For complex treatments such as conformal radiotherapy (CFRT) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) where 3D volumes are defined, improvements in imaging technologies have specific roles to play in defining the gross tumour volume (GTV) and the planning target volume (PTV).
3D conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), a way of conforming dose more accurately to the target volume, is now in widespread use and a particular emphasis is placed on this throughout the book.
To calculate total intracranial volume (TIV), modulated white matter and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) images were also produced for each subject, and intracranial volume was calculated by summing the total gray matter, white matter and CSF fractions.
The registered partial volume images were modulated (to correct for local expansion or contraction) by dividing by the Jacobian of the warp field, and smoothed with an isotropic Gaussian kernel with full-width half-maximum = 2.3 mm to minimize slight misregistration errors.
All modulated miRNAs were represented in this database.
In both species, the majority of modulated transcripts were upregulated.
Within this category, 67% of the modulated genes were upregulated.
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