Most of attention has been focused on GABA synthesis under environmental stress owing to changes of catalytic properties of plants GAD depending on cytosolic pH and activity of Ca2+/calmodulin complex [ 28, 29], two known stress-modulated factors [ 17].
TXN also regulates gene expression by increasing binding of redox-sensitive transcription factors like p53 [ 44], NF-κB [ 25], and the Nrf-2/polyamine-modulated factor-1 (PMF-1) transcription factor complex to DNA.
The study also reported 3 additional SNPs with highly suggestive p-values of < 5 ∗ 10− 5 which were located within genes coding for the polyamine-modulated factor 1 gene (PMF1 GenBank ID11243), the collagen type XXV alpha gene (COL25A1 GenBank ID 84570), and the methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 gene (MTHFD1 GenBank ID 4522).
Many of these ligand-modulated transcription factors have specific endogenous ligands and act as ligand sensors that regulate gene expression during development, cellular differentiation, reproduction, and lipid homeostasis.
These ERs are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-modulated transcription factors [6] [8].
NR2E3 (Mis#604485) is a photoreceptor-specific nuclear receptor (PNR) that belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-modulated transcription factors [1].
In the cadmium-modulated gene set, the enriched transcription factors included sp1 transcription factor (Sp1) (p < 0.011), sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP-1) (p < 0.016), and zinc finger protein 161 homolog (ZF5) (p < 0.002) (Table 1).
Due to the presence of a linear frequency-modulated component (chirp signal), the spread factors are present in both cases.
However, with a low roll-off factor the original modulation (modulated) signal becomes more vulnerable to timing jitter as the eye pattern of the received signal narrows down and becomes practically almost undetectable for the roll-off factor equaling zero.
Recently, our attention has been drawn to factors involved in steps of steroid-modulated gene activation that are downstream of the TSS.
Although no common transcription factors were identified between the arsenic and cadmium-modulated gene sets, the induced transcriptional changes of the target genes are associated with similar biological processes.
