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A potentially general design principle for transmembrane protein function emerges from this work, one that hinges on specific oligomeric contacts that can be modulated by protein expression or membrane composition.
Moreover, little is known about the mechanisms that recruit kinetochore proteins and complexes onto centromeric DNA and how this is modulated by protein phosphorylation and/or targeted degradation of kinetochore components during the cell cycle.
The MAPK cascade can be negatively modulated by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) through dephosphorylation of MEK (step 7) and by MAPK phosphatase 3 (MKP3) through dephosphorylation of ERK (steps 10 and 11) [48], [48].
The eNOS function is fundamentally modulated by protein phosphorylation.
Deubiquitination enzymes recycle the ubiquitin molecules and the pathway is modulated by protein activators and inhibitors.
In mouse β-cells, the Ca2+-currents can be modulated by protein phosphorylation: activation of PKA and PKC leads to slight (20%) increase in Ca2+-entry [47,48].
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Piezo sensitivity is also modulated by proteins including EPAC1 and STOML3; differential expression of these and other modulators both among cells and within a single cell may also regulate the overall sensitivity (Eijkelkamp et al., 2013; Poole et al., 2014).
These findings provide further evidence that enhanced contact stability modulated by proteins such as NLG-1 potentiate the recruitment of presynaptic elements to sites of contact between dendritic filopodia and axons.
The signalling capacity of LePRK1 and LePRK2 can apparently be modulated by proteins from both pollen and pistil through their interactions with their ECDs.
Like other promoters, sequences downstream of the initiation site are also important for the overall transcription regulation [ 9] and it has been shown that MDR1 transcription might be modulated by proteins capable of modifying nucleosomal histones [ 10].
Differential accessibility to DNA for components of the transcription machinery – dynamically modulated by proteins that influence chromatin structure – plays an additional role in controlling transcription in eukaryotes as a temporary disruption of nucleosomes is required to allow progression of the transcription machinery.
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modified by protein
targeted by protein
modulated by change
modulated by phonology
modulated by emotion
modulated by performance
modulated by respiration
modulated by dopamine
modulated by degree
modulated by doping
modulated by color
modulated by cell
modulated by task
modulated by block
modulated by hypothermia
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