Dynamic chromatin structure is modulated by post-translational modifications on histones, such as acetylation, phosphorylation and methylation.
Notably, both the primary and secondary feedback loops are modulated by post-translational modifications in versatile ways, e.g, protein ubiquitination, phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, acetylation/deacetylation, poly ADP-ribosylation and O-GlcNAcylation (Reddy and Rey, 2014).
Importantly, HMGB1 extracellular activity is modulated by post-translational modifications.
KATP channels are modulated by post-translational mechanisms, such as protein phosphorylation mediated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) [13] [15], Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (PKC) [16] [20], and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) [21].
The disagreement observed between Mn-SOD protein content and its activity in the AO adults is intriguing and suggests that Mn-SOD activity may be modulated by post-translational modification [66].
However, we are aware that the levels of individual proteins may not always reflect mRNA levels, and that the activity of certain proteins, and therefore the activation state of cellular pathways, can be further modulated by post-translational modifications.
These findings replicated those of Carlston and Skowronski [3] in a computerized version of their personality impression-formation paradigm, and importantly extended it by showing that such memory for earlier brief personality impressions is modulated by post-learning stress.
Moreover, the transcriptional effect of NF-Y can be modulated by post-translational modifications.
HIF-1α levels are modulated by post-translational hydroxylation that is dependent on cellular oxygen levels.
C/EBP α function is also modulated by post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, SUMOylation, and ubiquitination.
We have previously reported that CTCF function is modulated by post-translational poly(ADPribosyl)ation [ 1, 2].
