Focal adhesions contain several mechano-sensitive proteins, including talin, filamin and p130Cas, whose activities and interactions with other focal adhesion components can be modulated by forces of ~∼10 50 pN range (Sawada et al., 2006; del Rio et al., 2009; Ehrlicher et al., 2011).
We propose that adhesion structures can be modulated by traction force development and that production of PIP3 stimulates podosome formation and subsequent RhoA downregulation in the absence of traction force.
High shear stress significantly enhanced calcium flux of neutrophils on E-selectin (Schaff et al., 2008), and calcium signaling in T-lymphocytes was also modulated by external force on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC /T-cell receptor (TCR) coMHC /T-cellet al., 2014).
It has become increasingly clear that many aspects of cell behavior can be modulated by mechanical force including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and gene expression.
However, frequency and growth rates of the PVC are modulated by the forcing frequency which creates interaction patterns that depend on the ratio between the forcing and PVC frequency.
In contrast, dopamine mediated inhibition of AS fibrillization is not significantly modulated by electrostatic forces since high salt conditions (500 mM NaCl) had no effect [26].
Thus, high resolution coherence analysis confirms that the climate system can be partially modulated by astronomical forces of gravitational, electromagnetic and solar origin.
Several applications exist in which lattice Boltzmann methods (LBM) are used to compute stationary states of fluid motions, particularly those driven or modulated by external forces.
However, detecting this link is not straightforward since these relationships can be modulated by tectonic forcing and/or obscured by heavy-tailed frequencies of catchment discharge.
These tides can be modulated by tropospheric forcing and have been suggested as a driver for the ionospheric dynamo (e.g., Jin et al. 2011; Yamazaki and Richmond 2013; Liu 2016b).
MT1-MMP expression is know to be modulated by mechanical forces [ 39], and biochemical microenvironment [ 40], and has the potential to "sense" the interaction with ECM [ 18], which in turn can affect the expression of other genes.
