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We review the latest structural advances in understanding the interactions and functions of mammalian BCL-2 family members, and discuss new opportunities to modulate these proteins in health and disease.
Rational strategies for identifying novel drug therapies are typically based on knowledge of the structure of the target proteins and the design of new chemical entities that modulate these proteins in a beneficial manner.
During early infection, viruses activate cellular stress-response proteins such as heat-shock proteins (Hsps) to counteract apoptosis, but later on, they modulate these proteins to stimulate apoptosis for efficient viral dissemination.
On the contrary, calcium signal can modulate these proteins expression and increase in [Ca2+]i was described to induce Bcl-2 expression through CREB (Calcium Response Element Binding protein) activation [ 14].
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On the other hand, metformin differently modulates these proteins in endothelial and breast cancer cells.
Given the large number of substrates, the diverse host functions modulated by these proteins and the possibility that translocation signals may be one of the parameters that control temporal translocation of these proteins, it is likely that previous screens have missed some substrates with undefined features.
In isolated cells, zinc in protein-free medium is known to modulate phosphorylation of these proteins (Samet et al. 2003).
The activated ERK1/2 may add phosphate groups to ER-α and Sp and modulate protein-DNA or protein-protein interactions of these factors at target promoters.
These results encourage further studies investigating the relationship between different adiponectin isoforms and ZAG to explore the therapeutic potential of modulating either of these proteins in sepsis.
Frequently these changes modulate the protein readout due to the presence of uORF s)/uAUG(s) in one of the variants.
Since binding of 6AP and GA to the ribosome is RNA-dependent and exhibits no inhibitory effect on protein synthesis, we wondered if these drugs might modulate the protein folding activity of the ribosome.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com