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The knowledge of their three-dimensional structures paves the way to the design of ABA agonists able to modulate the plant stress response.
If the final concentration of active ingredients in a formulation is not optimal during foliar application to crop plants due to high or low surface tension, the bioactive fraction(s) in the product may not be able to modulate the plant by up regulating metabolites (e.g. salicylic acid) needed to overcome biotic and abiotic stresses.
This suggests that glucose may extensively modulate the plant growth and development by modulating response of auxin responsive genes to auxin or without directly affecting them at transcriptional level.
In recent years the ability to modulate the plant N-glycosylation profile toward human-like structures and thus alter the in vivo activities of therapeutic proteins has attracted great attention [ 19, 20].
The capability to modulate the plant stress level by providing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a molecule involved in lateral roots development, was previously reported for halotolerant bacteria isolated from coastal soils [ 55], halophyte roots in Argentina [ 56], and rhizosphere of C. annum growing in desert areas [ 5].
The Xcc pathogen has evolved virulence factors in addition to biofilm formation, which can modulate the plant's basal defense response and promote infection.
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In addition to its role in biotic stress responses, SA also participates in modulating the plant response to many abiotic stresses, including salinity (Rady and Mohamed 2015), cold (Luo et al. 2014), drought (Ying et al. 2013) and the excess of heavy metals (Shakirova et al. 2016).
Recently, Zhang et al. (2011) showed that bacteria-responsive plant microRNAs regulate plant innate immunity by modulating the plant hormone network [ 7].
NtPUB4 was reported to interact directly with the receptor-like kinase CHRK1 and it was predicted to be involved in modulating the plant developmental signaling pathway mediated by CHRK1 [ 46].
Hence, it has been concluded that AtMYB77 plays a role in altering auxin responses during transition from nutrient-sufficient to nutrient-deficient conditions by presumably modulating the plant's sensitivity to auxin [ 18].
Other up-regulated transcription factors such as AP2-EREBP, WRKY, bZIP, GRAS and NAC haves been reported to modulate the genes for plant growth and plant response to biotic or abiotic stresses [ 57– 61].
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