These findings from invertebrate systems suggest additional mechanisms by which these molecules could shape the behavior of higher animals, and provide new mechanistic explanations for earlier psychological findings in humans showing that motivation (i.e., satiety versus hunger) can powerfully modulate the visual, olfactory, and gustatory perception of food [ 46- 48].
Indeed, it has been demonstrated that GnRH1 increases the excitability of olfactory receptor neurons, that the terminal nerve functions to modulate the odorant sensitivity of olfactory receptor neurons and that this signaling is tightly linked to reproduction [ 43].
If the motion of individual fingers is modulated by the olfactory information, then the 'grasp' plan elicited by the olfactory representation may consider the structure of the object associated with the odour.
Host seeking in mosquitoes is modulated by the olfactory system, which is primarily housed in the antennae and maxillary palps.
However, neurophysiological mechanisms by which olfactory stimuli can modulate the excitability of the motor system controlling hand muscles are to date still unknown.
This suggests that other (likely olfactory) components may modulate the full aggregation phenotype, but that 9-tricosene can function as an aggregation molecule.
Other sensory modalities, such as visual, olfactory and gravitational, also modulate the activity of locomotor CPGs to allow animals to readily change their motor behavior in response to their environment (Frye, 2010).
We therefore conclude that vPN1 may carry song stimuli to activate pC1, where these stimuli are integrated with other sensory modalities such as pheromonal olfactory and gustatory cues to modulate the courtship level in males.
Moreover, olfactory enrichment or deprivation do not selectively modulate the survival of specific PGC phenotypes, supporting the idea that the integration rate of distinct PGC subtypes is independent from olfactory experience.
