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Therefore, the importance of characterizing the monocyte/macrophage populations involved employing multiple methodologies and functional characteristics cannot be underestimated, particularly for the indentification of specific populations to be targeted to modulate the fibrotic process.
The lack of binding of these miRNAs to the region surrounding these variants could lead to higher CXCL9-11 levels and, consequently, could modulate the fibrotic effect of these proteins since serum levels of CXCL9 were positively associated with the severity of liver fibrosis [17].
Blocking TGF-ß activity therefore represents an appealing approach to fibrosis therapy, and there is intense interest in identifying the intracellular pathways that positively or negatively modulate the fibrotic responses.
As the upregulation of activins was observed in human lung tissue in relationship to lung fibrosis, we wanted to test whether efficient blockade of activins could modulate the fibrotic response in these two different mouse models of progressive lung fibrosis.
Both in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed an over-expression of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 in fibrotic lesions, and convincingly demonstrated that blocking the bioactivity of TGF-β1 and -β2 could suppress collagen production and subsequently could modulate the fibrotic process [ 11, 12].
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Several new strategies are being explored as therapeutic modalities to modulate the crucial contribution of monocytes/macrophages to fibrotic disease pathogenesis.
These data clearly demonstrate that mechanical tension, which is generated during wound contraction, scar formation and in fibrotic tissue, can modulate the gene expression of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts embedded into this tissue at different molecular levels.
Targeting redox signaling, for example, via inhibitors of NOX4 or PDE5, antioxidants such as Se or enhancers of NO signaling, represents a promising therapeutic strategy to modulate the fibroblast/myofibroblast ratio in pathological conditions such as degenerative fibrotic diseases.
In addition, several chemokines that are released by diverse infiltrating cell populations modulate the inflammatory reaction and contribute to the progression of HSC activation and the fibrotic insult [ 15], demonstrating the complexity of the disease process.
We showed that during SSc, the ECs-MSCs crosstalk resulted in an altered expression of different molecules involved in the angiogenic processes, and mainly SSc-ECs seem to modulate the phenotypic switch of perivascular MSCs toward a myofibroblast population, thus supporting the fibrotic process.
Our mRNA expression profiling demonstrated increased expression of genes involved in inflammation and immune responses and decreased levels of apoptotic genes in Fra-1∆/∆ mice, suggesting that the Fra-1 transcription factor dampens the development of late fibrotic injury by modulating the early pro-fibrotic responses.
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modulate the evolutionary
modulate the ionospheric
modulate the endogenous
modulate the cytokine
modulate the functional
modulate the septic
modulate the feedback-related
modulate the visible
modulate the folding
modulate the inflammatory
modulate the olfactory
modulate the white
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modulate the biological
modulate the primary
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