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Reproductive and geographic isolations modulate the evolutionary progress.
That subspecies are not reflected in major phylogeographic divisions is not surprising in light of patterns exhibited by many other taxa, but this does not preclude the possibility that local adaptation may modulate the evolutionary trajectories of this species.
Here, we show that predatory interactions of a phage with an important environmentally transmitted pathogen, Vibrio cholerae, can modulate the evolutionary trajectory of this pathogen during the natural course of infection within individual patients.
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Our work summarizes that, the complex-forming property of the proteins as a possible significant factor in modulating the evolutionary rate differences of the SP-DP and DF-SF proteins.
In the later sections of the paper we deal with the role of the features of the interacting partners in modulating the evolutionary rates of proteins in the yeast protein-protein interaction network since it has recently been considered as an important force in protein evolution [ 18].
Given the disproportionately rapid generation times of most microbes, we should expect that evolutionary change on the part of natural enemies could rather quickly modulate the benefit of evolutionary reallocation away from defense in the host.
It seems safe to assume that the evolutionary history of the Y chromosome may modulate the phenotypical expression of partial AZFc deletions via the lineage-specific acquisition of genetic factors.
The other two genes, VIT_19s0090g01480 and VIT_05s0020g01960, have subfunctionalized in the evolutionary history and appear to function in concert to modulate the responses to NaCl stress in different tissues and in different stress stages.
Effectors can modulate the ETI response or mutate to circumvent recognition resulting in a co-evolutionary battle in which the pathogen attempts to evade host resistance and new plant R genes evolve to restrict further pathogen growth [10], [11].
When considering these pathways, it is important to keep in mind that evolutionary pressure exists on both the arbovirus and the vector mosquito to modulate the immune response.
Polymorphisms in these genes have been shown to modulate the taste response to different compounds, both natural and synthetic [ 8- 10], and showed evidence of evolutionary pressures [ 11- 13], highlighting the importance of studying both TAS2R genes and pseudogenes.
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