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Although not part of the mature cyclotide domain, it has been suggested that NTR sequences within the precursors might modulate protein folding [ 33].
How does translation elongation kinetics modulate protein folding?
Several small molecules have been the focus of interest, because they penetrate the BBB, modulate protein folding, and/or trafficking of endogenous mutant enzymes, e.g., GCase, to the lysosomes [12], [13].
Lipid composition could modulate protein folding in, or trafficking through, the ER, indirectly activating UPR transducers by changing the level of unfolded proteins.
Several studies indicate that the elongation rate can modulate protein folding and function (Kimchi-Sarfaty et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2009; Yona et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2013), but the underlying mechanisms are not yet well understood.
In turn, Otx2 activates genes encoding the Agr secreted factors, Xag and Xagr2, which belong to the superfamily of protein disulfide isomerases and supposedly to modulate protein folding, but also possess an independent signaling activity (Blassberg et al., 2011; Hatahet and Ruddock, 2009; Persson et al., 2005; Vanderlaag et al., 2010).
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As a result, there is much interest in the therapeutic potential of selective small molecules to modulate ER protein folding homoeostasis and the ER stress response.
Kaiser, C. M., Goldman, D. H., Chodera, J. D., Tinoco, I. Jr. & Bustamante, C. The ribosome modulates nascent protein folding.
While work remains to be done, cruentaren A represents a new class of Hsp90 modulators that targets the Hsp90α-F1F0 Hsp90α-F1F0e interATPion and represynthasenew paradinteractionland the Hsp90 prepresentsding machinewy.
Simultaneously inhibiting ATP production and Hsp90 chaperone activity may explain the potency of cruentaren A among the many different cancer cell lines and provides a novel approach to modulating the Hsp90 protein folding machinery.
The discovery of drugs that improve ER protein folding and/or modulate ER stress signalling, which can be evaluated in diabetic animal models and in human clinical trials, will greatly advance our understanding of the importance of ER stress in development and progression of diabetes.
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