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These results suggest that OsWRKY IIa proteins interact functionally to modulate plant innate immunity.
These T3E are presumed to perturb host cell processes and modulate plant innate immunity to allow bacterial infection [ 7].
Biotrophic plant pathogens such as rust pathogens secrete an array of proteins, known as effectors, to modulate plant innate immunity and enable parasitic infection [ 6].
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Prokaryotic and eukaryotic plant pathogens have evolved highly advanced strategies to engage their hosts in intimate contacts and deliver suites of effector proteins to modulate plants' innate immunity and enable parasitic colonization [ 5- 12].
Recently, Zhang et al. (2011) showed that bacteria-responsive plant microRNAs regulate plant innate immunity by modulating the plant hormone network [ 7].
Current indications predict a multifaceted role for miRNAs in plant innate immune responses, from pathogen recognition to modulating hormone responses and coordinating expression of defense genes [ 9, 10, 27].
Vidhyasekaran, P. Plant Hormone Signaling Systems in Plant Innate Immunity, 1st edn.
Zipfel, C. Pattern-recognition receptors in plant innate immunity.
Bacterial elicitation and evasion of plant innate immunity.
Many plant pathogenic fungi secrete effector proteins that facilitate disease development and modulate plant immunity.
They can e.g. compete, interact chemically and modulate plant quality to other microbes12.
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