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We hypothesized that SCAP modulate nociceptive function through a paracrine mechanism that activates cold-sensitive ion channels in neurons.
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N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), an old and safe drug used as a mucolytic agent, enhances the endogenous activation of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors type 2 and inhibits neurotransmitter release, thus possibly negatively modulating nociceptive pathway function.
CGRP might modulate nociceptive transmission [30] and nociceptor function depends on the sensitivity to CGRP [31].
Sodium channels are typically blocked by the puffer fish poison tetrodotoxin (TTX); however, a significant population of sodium channels present on small diameter sensory neurones are resistant to TTX, and their function is to modulate nociceptive neurotransmission [ 89, 90].
Furthermore, thalamus is also a part of the descending pain inhibition pathways that modulate nociceptive inputs from spinal trigeminal nucleus [21].
Therefore, PACAP38 might modulate nociceptive input through its PAC1 receptor which is expressed on second-order trigeminal neurons [7].
Diazepam modulates the GABAA receptor, and it has been clearly shown in animals that GABAA mechanisms can modulate nociceptive trigeminovascular transmission at the second order synapse in the trigeminocervical complex [48].
The results in 18 of 23 specimens (78%) disclosed peripheral nerve fibers with a nociceptive function in the joint.
Furthermore, LPA increases the intracellular calcium concentration in adult DRG neurons [59] and intraplantar injection of LPA causes a nociceptive flexor response [60], suggesting that LPA could produce direct effects on primary afferent neurons and modulate nociceptive responses.
The brainstem contains descending circuitry that can modulate nociceptive processing (neural signals associated with pain) in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and the medullary dorsal horn.
Neutralization of NGF may thus disturb the nociceptive function of these neurons.
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