In addition, basic science research in ultrasound-based neuromodulation is showing that ultrasound can modulate neuronal firing.
Although there is extensive evidence that astrocytes can modulate neuronal firing through effects on excitability, synaptic transmission, and synaptic plasticity (see Introduction), we find here that astrocytes can directly drive action potential firing in a specific interneuron subtype.
The model incorporates the direct, indirect and hyperdirect pathway of the basal ganglia and CNS drug targets that modulate neuronal firing, based on preclinical data about their localization and coupling to voltage-gated ion channels.
Neurosteroids, i.e., allopregnanolone (AP), epiallopregnanolone (EP), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and deydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), rapidly modulate neuronal firing rate and might be involved in the pathogenesis of migraine [1].
Task-relevant top-down attention is known to modulate neuronal firing rate [46], [47], event-related power in the high gamma range [48] and BOLD fMRI signals [49].
Inhibitory circuits can have a profound impact in the processing of afferent activity (Markwardt et al., 2009; Isaacson and Scanziani, 2011; Ikrar et al., 2013); for example, they can ensure a temporal fidelity of responses (Pouille and Scanziani, 2001) and also modulate neuronal firing in response to afferent inputs (Pouille et al., 2009; Dieni et al., 2013).
The proton pump modulates neuronal firing through a biphasic pH change.
Dopamine modulates neuronal firing patterns after repeated stimulation, resulting in long-term potentiation and depression (Calabresi et al., 1997; Bethus et al., 2010), processes thought to be important for longer term memory retention (Cetonze et al., 2001; Lisman and Grace, 2005; Shohamy and Adcock, 2010).
This gene is located in the region of chromosome 18p11.2, and this region has been implicated in susceptibility to bipolar disorder and SCZ.,, KCNH2 is a member of a family that provides instructions for making potassium channels and that modulates neuronal firing.
Steinmetz, P. N. et al. Attention modulates synchronized neuronal firing in primate somatosensory cortex.
Further support for a role of dopamine in migraine comes from studies showing that anti-dopaminergic drugs exert beneficial effects, when administered during migraine attacks and from experimental work showing that dopamine modulates the neuronal firing rate in the trigeminocervical complex [9].
