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Gibbings DJ, Ciaudo C, Erhardt M, Voinnet O. Multivesicular bodies associate with components of miRNA effector complexes and modulate miRNA activity.
TRIM-NHL proteins modulate miRNA activity [23], [24].
In addition to these mechanisms, "dynamic" factors that modulate miRNA activity without altering mature miRNA concentrations may also contribute miRNA deregulation.
While this paper was under preparation, CRM1/XPO-1 was reported to regulate the nuclear cytoplasmic localization of mature miRNAs in cultured mammalian cells, suggesting that this nuclear export receptor might additionally modulate miRNA activity after miRNA biogenesis has been completed (Castanotto et al, 2009).
Currently, two approaches are employed to modulate miRNA activity: (i) restoring the function of a miRNA using either synthetic double-stranded miRNAs or viral vector-based overexpression and (ii) inhibiting the function of a miRNA using chemically modified antimiR oligonucleotides (Fig 1).
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This non-coding component of mRNA may be used retrospectively to modulate miRNA activities.
Increased understanding of the molecular basis of miRNA expression may enable new therapeutic interventions that modulate miRNA activities through NR-mediated signaling.
MiRNAs can act as master regulators of normal and pathological tissue development, homeostasis, and repair, which has motivated expanding efforts toward the development of technologies for therapeutically modulating miRNA activity for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications.
Expression of Rb1 and PTEN were up-regulated synergistically in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that the 3'UTR binds and modulates miRNA activities, freeing Rb1 and PTEN mRNAs for translation.
One novel mechanism involved in modulating miRNA activities in plants was unraveled by Franco-Zorrilla et al. (2007) [ 7].
We hope this study could expand the current view of miRNA-mediated regulatory networks in plants, and will inspire more research efforts on the novel regulatory mechanisms for modulating miRNA activities, such as the target mimicry characterized in our analysis.
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