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Libako, P., Nowacki, W., Castiglioni, S., Mazur, A. & Maier, J. A. Extracellular magnesium and calcium blockers modulate macrophage activity.
Picrotoxin and securinine have been shown to positively modulate macrophage activity and enhance the clearance of bacteria [37], [38].
Vitamin D may modulate macrophage activity and cytokine production.
Previous studies have shown that TSPO ligands could modulate macrophage activity, including affecting oxidative burst and the release of inflammatory cytokines (Ruff et al, 1985; Choi et al, 2002).
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NO-induced AMPK activation exerted a counter inflammatory response by modulating macrophage activity and enhancing autophagic flux, which in turn suppressed NF-κB-p65 activation and inflammatory cytokine release.
Moreover, this pathway may exert its effects mechanistically through modulating macrophage activity and phenotype at various time points.
IL-4 modulates macrophage activity through globally suppressing proinflammatory cytokines, but nothing is known about its upregulation in activated Schwann cells distal to nerve injury.
Interleukin-10 is a cytokine that modulates macrophage activity, being indirectly responsible for reduced IFN- γ production and for controlling the potential tissue damaging effects of activated macrophages [ 43].
Once internalized, the toxin also modulates macrophage microbicidal activity triggered by IFN-γ via inhibition of phagosome maturation/acidification and nitric oxide production with consequent increased intra-macrophage bacterial load (Torrado et al., 2010).
NO modulates nasal immunology, influences macrophage activity, and has antiviral and bacteriostatic properties.
The latter is associated with a regulatory response modulating the pro-inflammatory profile, inhibiting macrophage activity and promoting intracellular infection [ 28].
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