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This effect was abrogated in the presence of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 (∼14% pS6-positive cells), suggesting that IL-6 activates this signaling pathway to modulate mTOR activity.
However, emerging evidence showed that metformin may modulate mTOR activity, through AMPK-independent mechanisms [ 91– 91].
Moreover, adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) can also precisely modulate mTOR activity based on the adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ratio [ 43].
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As MET modulates mTOR activity, we compared it with the macrocyclic lactone mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (Sirolimus).
DNA damage signaling modulates mTOR activity through p38/AKT as well as ATM/p53 (Hasty et al., 2013).
Recent studies suggest that GSK3 directly phosphorylates TSC2, a component of mTOR repressor complex, in fibroblast cell lines; this phosphorylation modulates mTOR activity (Buller et al., 2008; Inoki et al., 2006; van Diepen et al., 2009).
As determined by phosphorylation levels of two mTOR downstream targets, p70S6K and RPS6, REDD1 WT and TM inhibited mTOR pathway, an effect enhanced upon insulin stimulation; REDD1 ΔNter1, however, lost the ability to modulate mTOR pathway activation.
The data from other groups showed that TP53 could modulate mTOR signaling to activate autophagy.
Each of these variables is known to modulate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity, which is essential for geroconversion and cellular senescence onset [ 54- 60].
In addition, in many of the underlying experiments mTOR activity has been modulated via rapamycin (see e.g. 7, 8).
Where mTOR activation promoted apoptosis, SPAG5 downregulation elevated mTOR activity and induced apoptosis.
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