Based on the aforementioned studies' findings [14,15,35], it could be hypothesized that major weight loss connected to exercise training is necessary to modulate inflammatory gene expression levels in PBMC.
TRPA1 was found to modulate inflammatory gene expression in keratinocytes by increasing the expression of IL-1α and IL-1β (Atoyan et al., 2009) and cause the secretion of PgE2 (Jain et al., 2011).
We therefore conclude that Lactobacillus paracasei is less able to induce a type I IFN response than other genes of the inflammatory signature, suggesting that commensal bacteria may specifically modulate inflammatory genes in DCs (Figure 4A).
These results strengthen the impact of miRNAs in modulating inflammatory genes linked to ALS and identify specific miRNAs as pathogenetic mechanisms in the disease.
In this regard, we have previously reported that exendin-4 has no effect on cardiac myofibroblast differentiation in normoglycemia, but does modulate basal macrophage inflammatory gene expression and secretion [ 34].
NF-κB is a key transcription factor in modulating various inflammatory genes including TNF-a, IL-1β and adhesion molecules.
Conversely, BA also have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties mediated by FXR and TGR5 via modulating anti-inflammatory gene expression [17, 46, 47] Thus, BAs may have both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions depending on the time course and concentrations of serum BA levels during sepsis [48].
There is a general consensus that Nrf2 is protective against systemic infections, via a mechanism targeting NF-κB and modulating pro-inflammatory gene expression in Mø [ 50, 52].
Nitrosylation of NF-κB modulates its function, altering resultant inflammatory gene transcription.
Here, we demonstrate that administration of BBG at late pre-onset significantly reduces microgliosis, modulates microglia-related inflammatory genes and enhances motor neuron survival.
Other genes exhibiting altered expression include those that modulate inflammatory and immune responses or signal transduction linking infection to host immunity (ARPP-19, BLAME, HCA58, IK cytokine, IRS2, STAT1P1).
