Notably, HIF-P4H has also been shown to modulate immune responses by modifying the kinase responsible for releasing NF-κB from its inhibitor [ 67].
Next to strategies to optimize maternally acquired immunity in individual foals, current research explores other options to modulate immune responses in foals.
The transcriptional modulation of these molecules in response to these therapies should reduce inflammation and modulate immune responses in responding patients.
Cannabinoids modulate immune responses, and endocannabinoids are prevalent during oral cavity inflammation.
Agents that target these molecules can modulate immune responses by exerting antagonistic or agonistic effects.
Mesenchymal stem cells modulate immune responses in vitro and in vivo.
Because of their unique capacity to initiate and modulate immune responses, dendritic cells (DCs) are attractive targets for development of novel vaccines.
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules (MHC II) present exogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells to modulate immune responses.
Melanoma-associated antigen 3 (MAGE-A3) is a lung cancer antigen and calreticulin (CALR) can modulate immune responses.
More recently, IVIG has been shown to modulate immune responses and to treat successfully several autoimmune disease.
In addition to costimulatory signals, B7/CD28 family coinhibitory receptor/ligands that modulate immune responses have been identified.
