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Filamentous plant pathogen genomes tend to harbor large repertoires of genes encoding virulence effectors that modulate host plant processes.
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The compounds might be produced to modulate its host plant, similarly to the fungal production of gibberellin-type phytohormons [25].
Effective plant defense may be due to an ability of the host plant to modulate the composition of root exudates, attracting microbes which can trigger plant resistance.
Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) are a novel class of TFs identified in the bacterial plant pathogen Xanthomonas, where they are secreted as virulence factors to modulate gene expression of the host plant (Boch and Bonas, 2010).
Cytokinin promotes defense against various plant pathogens and therefore entails a broader role in modulating immune dynamics of the host plant.
Some of these hypothetical proteins were predicted to be secreted, so they could be bacterial effectors with a potential role in modulating the interaction with the host plant.
From this perspective, the objective of this study is to explore the importance of host genetic background in modulating the performance of both host plant and fungal endophyte as an integrated unit.
EST sequencing data showed that genes linked to resistance, encoding proteins involved in recognition, signaling, defense and apoptosis, were modulated by E. amylovora in its host plant.
This data points towards a versatile repertoire of effector candidates the expression of which can be modulated according to the nature of the host plant being colonized.
Plant pathogens secrete an arsenal of effector molecules that modulate host responses to enable successful infection.
Rafiqi et al. [ 10] presented a list of putative effector molecules which were identified in the P. indica genome and which might be secreted in order to modulate host cell's function and structure and to promote microbial growth on plant tissue.
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