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Bacteria can modulate host physiology by secreting bacterial proteins, called effectors, through a type III secretion system [9], [10], [11], [12].
These include not only CRPs but also other types of proteins that can modulate host physiology.
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With these examples serving to illustrate the reliance of both host and pathogens on AP activities, it was of considerable interest to establish and annotate the complement of APs encoded within the three Phytophthora genomes, particularly since one of the major current subjects of oomycete research is on effectors that modulate host cell physiology and immune responses.
We thus identified systems potentially involved in physical interactions (biofilm formation and twitching motility) with fungi, next to protein (as well as DNA) secretion systems (in particular T3SS) that may modulate fungal host physiology and unique genes for glycerol uptake and metabolism.
Host proteins have been identified as interaction partners for many of the investigated Inc proteins that could explain how Chlamydia modulates host cell physiology.
This opens the possibility that an unexpected number of genetic factors act directly on microbial composition and function to modulate immune pathways and metabolic phenotypes in host physiology and disease.
Butanoate plays an important role in animal health by regulating the host physiology and as a signal molecule modulating cell properties like differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis [ 61].
P. brassicae inoculation modulated the stress hormone response pathway (JA, ET, SA), but plant host physiology also experienced specific shifts in auxin and cytokinin responses as well.
Viruses, as they replicate in the plant host, can disrupt cellular processes and host physiology to cause disease.
Thus, complex metalloenzymes can be produced in Yarrowia, assuming some control of host physiology.
Several lines of evidence suggest that degradation of Cr and creatinine by gut microbiota may impact host physiology and pathology.
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