We also identified differentially modulated host pathways among the type I strains, and these can serve as a guideline for future studies in examining the phenotypic differences among type I strains.
This study also suggests that CSFV can modulate host-signalling pathways to enhance its persistence and survival.The exact mechanism of the modulation remains to be elucidated.
Not surprisingly, since T3S system delivered virulence factors can modulate host-signalling pathways for bacterial benefit, the mammalian system has developed strategies to detect T3S activity via NLRC4 (Miao et al, 2006, 2008).
These findings are important for further elucidation of cellular non-immune defense pathways as well as for charting and, ultimately, modulating host defense pathways during infections such as pneumococcal pneumonia, in which Ply is important and the balance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signaling may be a critical determinant of outcome [32].
Successful pathogens are often capable of modulating host signaling pathways for their own benefit.
For instance, the Shao group carried out a series of elegant studies demonstrating that bacterial pathogens are extremely versatile and ingenious in modulating host cellular pathways through covalent modifications.
The disruption of prenylation pathway of the parasite using highly specific inhibitors will disable the parasite to reside and survive intracellularly within host phagosome microenvironment and prevent it from modulating host defense pathways for its survival.
Use of the C. elegans model has also delineated several conserved host pathways modulating infection outcomes, including the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), TGF-β and DAF-2 insulin/IGF-1 signalling pathways (Kim et al., 2002; Mallo et al., 2002; Garsin et al., 2003).
Although T3SS and its secreted effectors are dispensable for rhizobial infection and nodulation, they may function as facilitators superimposed on the Nod-factor signaling pathway and modulate host range in a genotype-specific manner [ 28].
Some of the yet unidentified molecules may interfere with host cell signaling pathways and thereby modulate host cell behavior [38].
