Sentence examples for modulate host defence from inspiring English sources
Some bacteria have developed mechanisms to evade or exploit the processes activated by ubiquitination, producing both ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases that modulate host defence responses.
Other hormones such as the the auxin indole acetic acid (IAA), cytokinins and brassinosteroids modulate host defence responses [ 13], but have not yet been specifically linked to defence priming.
Intriguingly, Phytophthora species also secrete effector proteins that are important in modulating host defence and cell death mechanisms and many such effector proteins contain the internal sequence motif RxLR, similar to the Plasmodium PEXEL motif [ 8, 47, 48].
The overall hypothesis is that plasma biomarkers can be used as prognostic markers of severity and mortality in patients with NSTI and that HBOT reduces the inflammatory response and modulates host defence.
In addition to their antimicrobial activity, antibiotics modulate cellular host defence.
In particular, the pathogen virulence can modulate the host defence responses.
Interestingly, antibiotics not only directly reduce bacterial growth; they also modulate cellular host defence, especially the antimicrobial functions of monocytes and granulocytes [ 1].
In each case above, the function of the protein is to modulate a critical host defence molecule.
Our findings suggest that the biotrophic pathogen can use the plant-like hormone to modulate the host cellular environment and in particular host metabolism and that such modulations weaken host defence.
In our survey, 35 transcripts from defence and protease categories involved in modulating the host defences, represented 7% of the total transcripts expressed at high levels in ticks feeding on B. indicus cattle (Table 3, Additional file 2).
A common feature of the pathogenicity of MAP and other pathogenic mycobacteria is the ability to persist intracellularly in macrophages by inhibiting the phagosomal maturation [ 21], thereby evading or contemporarily modulating host cell defence mechanisms [ 22– 22].
